Tofaş Şahin in Egypt |
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| Manufacturer | Tofaş |
|---|---|
| Also called | Tofaş Dogan Tofaş Kartal |
| Production | 1986–2010 (Turkish sales ending in 2002) |
| Predecessor | Tofaş Murat 131 |
| Class | Family car |
| Body style | 4-door sedan |
| Layout | FR layout |
| Engine | 1,297 cc OHV I4 1,372 cc 159A2.000 SOHC I4 1,581 cc 159A3.000 SOHC I4 1,585 cc OHV I4 |
| Transmission | 4/5-speed manual |
| Wheelbase | 2,490 mm (98.0 in) |
| Length | 4,316 mm (169.9 in) |
| Width | 1,642 mm (64.6 in) |
| Height | 1,437 mm (56.6 in) |
| Curb weight | 960 kg (2,116 lb) |
| Related | Fiat 131 SEAT 131 |
The Tofaş Şahin, Doğan, and Kartal are Turkish versions of the old Fiat 131 automobile made in Turk Otomobil Fabrikasi A.S. facilities in Bursa, Turkey. While şahin means "hawk" in Turkish, kartal means "eagle" and doğan means "falcon". The car was built from 1977 and sold in Turkey until 2002, with Egyptian assembly coming to an end in 2009 and in Ethiopia until 2010.
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In February 1977 the Turkish Tofaş Murat 131 was first introduced, as a near exact replica of the Fiat 131.[1] Originally it was only available with a Solex twin-barrel carbureted 1.3 L pushrod petrol four, producing 70 PS (51 kW) (SAE) at 5,250 rpm.[2] From 1981 the Şahin, Doğan, and Kartal names were also in use, with "Doğan" denoting more luxurious equipment and Kartal being the station wagon.[1][3] From this point a 1.6 litre OHV engine was also added to the lineup, producing 75 PS (55 kW) DIN at 5,400 rpm. This largely replaced the smaller 1.3 (now with a claimed 65 PS/48 kW DIN at 5,400 rpm with a Weber twin carburetor), which was only retained as a lower priced option for the more basic Şahin version. A five-speed manual transmission was introduced, originally only available for the Doğan which was also set apart by large rectangular headlights.[4] The lesser Şahin and Kartal made do with round twin headlights.
In 1988 they received a major aesthetic revision resulting in a design very reminiscent of the Fiat Regata. The "Murat" portion of the name was still used in some marketing material, but no longer appeared on the car and gradually vanished.[5] After the facelift, the Doğan and Şahin sedan models are almost visually identical barring various upper-class trim options on the slightly more luxurious Doğan variant. The Kartal, the station wagon derivation of the design, is a version originally developed by SEAT in Spain. For 1996, both cars received a minor facelift and were provided with new SOHC engines from the Fiat Tempra (an engine that was first designed for the Fiat 128) in two versions: a 1.4 L with 78 hp (58 kW) at 5,500 rpm (only for the Şahin), and a 1.6 L with 96 hp (72 kW) at 5,500 rpm which was available in all models.
In 2002 the range received another minor facelift, but this year also heralded the end of Turkish sales as they were now only produced for export, usually in CKD form.[6] Power outputs of catalyzed engines also decreased to 72 hp (54 kW) at 6,000 rpm and 80 hp (60 kW) at 5,750 rpm respectively.[1] By this time the four-speed transmission was no longer available.[7] In 2005 they were introduced with single point electronic fuel injection. Turkish production was gradually shifted to Egypt. In 2006 assembly was also commenced by DOCC in Ethiopia where it continued on a small scale until 2010 (see more below).[8]
The Şahin, Doğan, and Kartal all shared the same rear wheel drive platform with longitudinal engine placement, McPherson design suspension system for the front wheels and a live axle for the rear. Their major selling point was their low price, robust design, and its low-maintenance cost, largely due to its near universal popularity during the 1980s and 1990s. However, this design resulted in a very cramped passenger compartment as the gearbox, fuel tank and shaft tunnel occupied a lot of space. Due to its roots as a mid 1970s Italian passenger vehicle, the design lacked various safety equipment standards including ABS, passenger airbags, and traction control. Its popularity in Turkey started waning in the mid-1990s as modern imported cars flooded the market. More recently, most Tofas have been converted to use LPG fuel as gasoline prices soared and made the cars financially unfeasible in its unmodified state. It was the de facto taxi of Turkey before it was deemed unsuitable for taxi use due to Turkey's ongoing negotiations to enter the EU, and the ensuing regulations implemented. The models have been replaced by the Fiat Siena (later the Fiat Albea/Fiat Palio) series.
Turk Otomobil Fabrikasi A.S. produced the Şahin and its siblings under license in Egypt in large quantities from 1991, with assembly carried out by the state-owned Nasr car company.[8] The range underwent the same changes as did Turkish market models, although the Kartal was taken out of production in 2003 and the Doğan was eventually replaced by the Şahin 1600 SL - with the 1400 S beneath it in the lineup. Production was gradually shifted to Egypt, with local parts content reaching 45% by 2006.[9] With the winding down of the Nasr company in 2009, Egyptian production ended.[10]
In 2006 the Tofaş Şahin was put into production in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, by the Holland Car Company, a joint venture between a firm from the Netherlands called Trento Engineering and the local firm of Ethio-Holland. Their version of the Şahin is called the DOCC, which comes from the term Dutch Overseas Car Company and comes with the OHC 1.6 L (1,581 cc) powerplant. After the end at El Nasr, Ethiopian production came to a halt in 2010.[8]